The approach even goes further, with trips to more distant areas.

A new era of spaceflight has dawned with NASA's Artemis programme, which aims to establish a base camp on the moon and lay groundwork for a future trip to Mars. The US space agency will send humans back to the lunar surface in 2025, but its manned missions to the Red Planet won't take place until the 2030s.Meanwhile, billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk thinks he can beat NASA to it by sending crewed flights to Mars as soon as the second half of this decade.

NASA is preparing to return astronauts to the lunar surface. And this time with more ambitious goals.

Those missions, which had a successful kickoff with Artemis-1, will establish the groundwork for months-long human habitation on the Lunar surface. Proposed base camps will present unique opportunities to test technology, unravel scientific secrets about the Moon's past and present, search for the presence of water, and more.

Women were more likely to develop lung cancer than men, suggesting a greater sex-based vulnerability to harmful radiation.

Although meant to minimize risks to human health, the proposed new limits would still be exceeded by any conceivable near-future crewed voyage to Mars.

As particles from the sun and high-energy cosmic radiation stream constantly into their bodies, astronauts are always in danger. Radiation can cause serious health problems if it is not controlled.

The proposed guideline would give all astronauts the same radiation limit, regardless of age and sex.