|
Laboratory for Comparative Developmental
Physiology |
|
Carl L.
Reiber Associate Professor Associate Chair Department of Biological
Sciences University of Nevada, Las Vegas 4505 Maryland Parkway Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004 702-895-1549 reiber@ccmail.nevada.edu |
Research Interests
Healthy Nevada Grant
Healthy Nevada Supporting Materials
The
laboratory focus is on cardiovascular physiology with a unique developmental
and evolutionary approach. Our
investigations center on the ontogeny of cardiac regulatory mechanisms,
cardiovascular function in response to abiotic stress and functional
cardiac/vascular design. Specific
interests are: (1) neurohormonal control of the heart and regulation of blood
flow. (2) neurohormonal regulatory
pathways established during embryonic and larval development, and (3) the
plasticity of these systems in response to changing physiological demands.
Laboratory Personnel
|
Jutta Guadangoli |
Carren knehr |
Nicole Laundrie |
Jansen Donoghue |
||
|
Current Research Activities |
Ph.D. Candidate |
Ph.D. Candidate |
MS Program |
Senior Undergraduate |
Junior Undergraduate |
Collaborators and Close Associates
Warren Burggren (Prof. of Biology, University of North
Texas, Denton, Texas, USA),
Bernd Pelster (Prof. of Biology, Leopold-Franzens-Universitt
Innsbruck, Austria
Carl Reiber (Assoc. Prof. of Biology, Univ.of Nevada,
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA),
John Spicer (Senior Lecturer, University of Plymouth, U.K.),
Steve Warburton (Assoc. Prof. of Biology, Univ. of New
Mexico, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA)
|
NAME: |
Carl Leonard
Reiber |
BORN: |
Fort Knox, KY June 21, 1961 |
|
ADDRESS: |
Department of
Biological Sciences University of
Nevada, Las Vegas 4505 Maryland
Parkway Las Vegas, NV
89154-4004 |
CITIZENSHIP: |
USA |
|
TELEPHONE: |
(702) 895-1549 |
E-MAIL
ADDRESS: |
reiber@ccmail.nevada.edu |
PROFESSIONAL POSITION:
Associate Professor
Associate Chair
Department of Biological
Sciences
University of Nevada, Las
Vegas
4505 Maryland Parkway
Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
(702) 895-1549 office (702) 895-3956 Fax
reiber@ccmail.nevada.edu
EDUCATION:
Ph.D., 1992. Zoology,
University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Massachusetts 01003.
M.S., 1986. Microbial,
Molecular, and Cellular Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
22030.
B.S., 1984. General Biology,
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030.
Comparative physiology –
physiological ontogeny of cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms: My research centers on the ontogeny of
intrinsic and extrinsic cardiac regulatory mechanisms using an invertebrate
model system, with particular emphasis on neurohormonal control of cardiac
function, and adaptations of the cardio-respiratory systems to environmental
stresses.
|
July 1999 -
Present: |
-Associate
Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas |
|
Oct. 1998 -
Present: |
-Associate
Chair, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas |
|
August 1993 -
Dec. 1995: |
-Affiliate
Scientist, Limnological Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences,
University of Nevada, Las
Vegas |
|
Sept. 1992 -
August 1993: |
-Post-Doctoral
Fellow, Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville |
|
June 1992 -
August 1992: |
-Part-time
faculty and Research Assistant, Department of Biology, George Mason
University, Fairfax Virginia |
|
January 1992 -
May 1992: |
-Part-time
faculty, Department of Zoology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst |
|
January 1989 -
Dec. 1991: |
-Teaching
Assistant, Department of Zoology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst |
|
Jan. 1988 -
Jan. 1989: |
-Part-time
Faculty, Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia |
|
Dec. 1987 -
Jan. 1989: |
-Research
Specialist, Acid‑Base equilibrium of body fluids, George Mason University,
Fairfax, Virginia |
|
Sept. 1984 -
Jan. 1989: |
-Field
Coordinator and Research Assistant, Gunston Cove Project, George Mason
University, Fairfax, Virginia |
|
August 1987 - Jan. 1989: |
-Field
Coordinator and Research Assistant, Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Study,
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia |
|
Oct. 1984 - Dec. 1986: |
-Teaching Assistant, Department of
Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia |
|
|
|
(24) McGaw, I.J. and C.L.
Reiber. 2001. Cardiovascular
system of the blue crab Callinectes
sapidus: Its role in
cardiovascular
dynamics. J.
Morphology. 248: (Accepted 12/00).
(23) Harper, S.L. and Reiber,
C.L. 2001. Ontogeny of
neurohormanal regulation of the cardiovascular system in crayfish
(Procambarus clarkii). (J. of Comp.
Physiol.) (Accepted 2/01).
(22) Wheatly, M.G., Reiber, C.L., Zanotto, F., Gannon, A., and 2001. The allometry of postmolt net ion uptake, and circulation
in the
freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii:
intraspecific scaling. J. of Exp. Biol. (In review).
(21) Reiber, C.L. and S.L.
Chapman. 2000. Aspects of cardiac
physiological ontogeny in decapod
crustaceans. (Zoologische
Jahrbucher)(Zoology:
Analysis of complex systems): ZACS (Accepted).
(20) Harper, S.L. and C.L.
Reiber. 2000. Developmental cardiac responses to GABA
in the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus
clarkii) and the relevance to
crayfish burrow ecology. ANAS.
32(2): 158-63.
(19) Harper, S.L. and Reiber,
C.L. 1999. Influence of hypoxia on
cardiac functions in the
grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio
Holthuis). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. 124:
569-573.
(18) McGaw, I.J. and Reiber,
C.L. 2000. An integrated response
to feeding in the blue crab (Callinectes
sapidus). J. of Exp. Biol.
203(2):
359-368.
(17) McGaw, I.J., Reiber,
C.L., and Guadagnoli, J.A. 1999. Behavioral
physiology of four crab species to low salinity. Biological
Bull. 196:
163-176.
(16) McGaw, I.J. and Reiber,
C.L. 1998. Circulatory
modification in the blue crab (Callinectes
sapidus), during exposure and
acclimation to
low salinity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. 121: 67-76.
(15) Reiber, C.L. and S. Malekpour and M. McDaniel.
1999. Effects of post hatching
maintenance temperature on desert tortoise
(Gopherus agassizii) shell morphology and thermoregulatory
behavior. J. Herpetology. 33(2): 234-240.
(14) Reiber, C.L. and B.R.
McMahon. 1998. Progressive
hypoxia’s effects on the crustacean cardiovascular system: A comparison
of the
freshwater crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)
and the lobster (Homarus americanus).
J. Comp. Physiol. B. 168(3):
168-176.
(13) Gleeson, R.A., Wheatly,
M.G., McDowell, L.M., Reiber, C.L., and Aldrich, H.C. 1997. Morphological and
physiological
transformations
in the olfactory sensilla of blue crabs acclimated to low salinity. J. Exp. Biol. 200: 445-456.
(12) Reiber, C.L., B.R.
McMahon, and W.W. Burggren. 1997.
Cardiovascular functions in two Macruran decapod crustaceans
(Procambarus clarkii and Homarus americanus) during periods of
inactivity, tail flexion and cardiorespiratory pauses.
J. Exp. Biol.
200: 1103-1113.
(11) Reiber, C.L., and T.
Wang. 1997. Control of arterial
blood gases: Cardiovascular and
ventilatory perspectives. Am. Zool.
36(1): 1-2.
(10) Reiber, C.L. 1997. Ontogeny of cardiac and ventilatory
function in the crayfish Procambarus
clarkii. Am. Zool. 36(1): 82-91.
(9) Birchard, G.F., and C.L.
Reiber. 1996. Heart rate during development in the turtle embryo: Effect of temperature. J. Comp.
Physiol.
166(8): 467-472.
(8) Reiber, C.L., 1997.
Oxygen sensitivity in the crayfish Procambarus
clarkii: Peripheral o2 receptors and their effect
on
cardiorespiratory functions. J. Crustacean Biology 17(2): 197-206.
(7) Birchard, G.F., and
Reiber, C.L. 1995. Growth,
metabolism and chorioallantoic vascular
density of developing snapping turtles
(Chelydra serpentina): Influence of
temperature. Physiol. Zool. 68(5):
799-811.
(6) Birchard, G.F., Walsh,
T., Rosscoe, R., and Reiber, C.L. 1995.
Oxygen uptake by the Komodo Dragon (Varanus
komodoensis)
eggs: The energetics of prolonged development
in a reptile. Physiol. Zool.
68(4): 622-633
(5) Reiber, C.L., 1995.
Physiological adaptations of crayfish to the hypoxic environment. Am. Zool.
35(1): 1-11.
(4) Reiber, C.L., 1994. The hemodynamics of Procambarus clarkii. Physiol. Zool.67(2): 449-467.
(3) Birchard, G.F., and Reiber, C.L. 1993. A comparison of Avian and Reptilian chorioallantoic vascular density. J. Exp. Biol. 178: 245-249.
(2) Reiber, C.L. and
Birchard, G.F., 1993. Effects of
temperature on hemolymph pH and metabolism in the land crab Stoliczia
abbotti. J. Thermobiol. 18(1): 49‑52
(1) Reiber, C.L., McMahon,
B.R. and Burggren, W.W. 1992.
Redistribution of cardiac output in response to hypoxia: a comparison
of the
freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii
and the lobster Homarus americanus.
Comp. Physiol. Basel. Karger. 1992,
vol. 11, pp 2‑28.
Manuscripts Submitted or in Preparation:
Harper S.L. and
Reiber, C.L. 2001. Ontogeny of cardiac
physiology in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus
clarkii. (Journal of
Experimental
Biology).(Submitted 5/01).
Reiber, C.L. and Harper, S.L.
2001. Embryonic and larval staging
of Procambarus clarkii using
morphological, physiological and
histological
methods. (J. of Morph. (In
preparation).
Abstracts/papers/talks presented:
(Italic indicates presenting author)
(53) Reiber, C.L., S.L. Harper, C. Newell and C. Laundrie. 2001. Cardiac regulation in the grass shrimp
(Palaemonetes pugio):
Larvae to
adult. American Zoologist: 40(5):
355.
(52) Harper,S.L. and C.L. Reiber. 2001. Deviants of gas exchange: adaptations
of the tadpole shrimp. American Zoologist: 40(5):
216.
(51) Guadangoli, J.A. and C.L. Reiber. 2001.
The ontogeny of pericardial organs in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii.
American
Zoologist:
40(5): 207.
(50) Chapman, S.L. and C.L. Reiber. 2000. Oxygen uptake via hindgut irrigation in the tadpole shrimp Triops longicaudatus.
American
Zoologist 39: 68A.
(49) Chapman, S.L. and C.L. Reiber. 1999. Tadpole shrimp Triops
longicaudatus may use their hindgut as an accessory
respiratory
structure. Journal of the
Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science
34: 16.
(48) Laundrie, N.C. and C.L.
Reiber. 2000. Effects of hypoxic exposure on cardiac
function in the larval grass shrimp
(Palaemonetes pugio). Amer. Zool. 39(5):
68A.
(47) Newell, C.R. and C.L.
Reiber. 2000. Assessment of the
effects of neruhormones on cardiac parameters in the grass shrimp
(Palaemonetes pugio). Amer. Zool. 39(5):
69A.
(46) Harper, S.L. and C.L.
Reiber. 2000. Tadpole shrimp cyst
distribution in a southern Nevada temporary rock pool. Bulletin of the
North American
Benthological Society 17(1): 204.
(45) Reiber, C.L., and S.L. Chapman. 1999.
Ontogeny of cardiac regulation in crustaceans. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 124A: S65.
(44) McGaw, I.J., and C.L.
Reiber. 1999. Cardiovascular and
respiratory responses of blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, during
feeding and
digestion. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
124A: S142.
(43) Chapman, S.L., and C.L. Reiber. 1999.
Hindgut irrigation of the tadpole shrimp: Accessory respiratory sturcture? Am. Zool.
38(5):.45A.
(42) Ruesch, D.J., S.L. Chapman, and C.L. Reiber. 1999. Placticity of cardiac development in crayfish (Procambarus
clarkii). Am.
Zool.
38(5): 124A.
(41) DiNenna, J.A., I.J. McGaw, and C.L. Reiber. 1999. Behavioral responses of decapod crustaceans to low
salinity. Am. Zool.
38(5): 45A.
(40) Reiber, C.L., and S.L. Chapman. 1999.
Cardiac development and oxygen sensitivity in Triops longicaudatus.
Am. Zool. 38(5):
31A.
(39) Sharma, A., C. Newell, and and C.L. Reiber. 1998. Assessment of the effects of neurohormones on heart performance
in
grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). Journal of the
Arizona, Nevada Academy of Sciences. 33: 14-15.
(38) Reiber, C.L., and S.L. Chapman. 1998.
Cardiac responses in grass shrimp (Palaemonetes
pugio) to hypoxic conditions. Journal
of the Arizona,
Nevada Academy of Sciences. 33: 14.
(37) McGaw, I., and C.L. Reiber. 1998.
Cardiovascular and respiratory responses of blue crabs during feeding
and digestion.
Journal of the
Arizona, Nevada Academy of Sciences. 33: 13-14.
(36) Ruesch, D., and C.L. Reiber. 1998.
Embryonic development of the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii):
Quantitative staging and
characterization
of cardiac development. Journal of the Arizona, Nevada Academy of Sciences. 33:
13.
(35) DiNenna, J., I. McGaw, and C.L. Reiber. 1998. The effects of decreasing salinity on the behavior of four
crab species. Journal
of the
Arizona, Nevada Academy of Sciences. 33: 12.
(34) Chapman, S.L., and C.L. Reiber. 1998.
Ontogeny of neurohormonal cardiac regulation. Journal of the Arizona,
Nevada
Academy of
Sciences. 33: 4.
(33) Reiber, C.L., and S.L. Chapman. 1998.
Ontogeny and plasticity of cardiac regulatory mechanisms in
crustaceans.
International
Symposium on “Cardiac Rhythms in Animals”, Muroran, Japan, March 26-30. Meeting
Proceedings: pg. 18.
(32) Reiber, C.L., and S.L. Chapman. 1998.
Videomicroscopic analysis of cardiac functions in grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio).
Am. Zool.
37(5): 142A
(31) Chapman, S.L., and C.L. Reiber. 1998. Ontogeny
of cardiac regulation in the crayfish. Am. Zool. 37(5): 142A.
(30) Chapman, S.L., and C.L. Reiber. 1997.
Physiological development of the heart in crayfish. Journal of the
Arizona, Nevada
Academy of
Sciences. 32:14.
(29) Navara, S, and C.L. Reiber. 1997. Cardiovascular development in the
desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii): Effects of soil
moisture.
Journal of the Arizona, Nevada Academy of Sciences. 32:12.
(28) Gleeson, R.A., M.G. Wheatly and C.L. Reiber. 1997. The olfaction support system of the blue crab in challenging
ionic/osmotic
conditions: Smelling with a pinch
of salt. Southeast Nerve Net
meeting. Meeting Proceedings Pg. 74.
(27) Reiber, C.L. 1996. Ontogeny of cardiac
regulation in the crayfish. Am. Zool. 36(5): 38A.
(26) Gleeson, R.A., M. Wheatly, L.M. McDowell, C.L. Reiber, and H.C. Aldrich. 1996. Maintenance of an appropriate
extracellular
ionic/osmotic
environment is vital to sustaining dendrite function in olfactory receptor
cells. Assoc. Chemoreception
Sciences. 21:
606.
(25) Taylor, H.H., Burnett, L.E., Krajniak, K., Burggren, W.W., and Reiber, C.L. 1995. Vasomotor responses in crab
gills. Physiol.
Zool.68(4):
66.
(24) Reiber, C.L., and McDaniel, M. 1995. Temperature dependent morphological changes and
their resulting influence on
behavioral
thermoregulation in the desert tortoise (Gopherus
agassizii). Am. Zool. 35(5): 37A.
(23) Reiber, C.L. 1995. Ontogeny of cardiovascular and ventilatory functions in the
crayfish. Am. Zool. 35(5): 131A.
(22) McDaniel, M., Vogel, C., Reiber, C.L., and Taylor, F. 1995. Influence of
environmental temperature on physiological
parameters in
the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii): Metabolism and behavior. Journal of the Arizona, Nevada Academy
of Sciences.
30:14.
(21) Reiber, C.L. 1995. Exercise and crustacean cardiovascular physiology: Supply and demand. Journal of the Arizona, Nevada
Academy of
Sciences. 30:13.
(20) Gleeson, R.A., Wheatly, M.G., McDowell, L.M., Reiber, C.L., and Aldrich, H.C. 1994. Morphological
and physiological
transformations
in the olfactory sensilla of blue crabs acclimated to low salinity. Assoc. Chemoreception Sciences. 19:
475-
476.
(19) Reiber, C.L., and Wheatly, M.G. 1994. Osmoregulation in the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): Hormonal
regulation by atrial
natriuretic
peptide. Am. Physiol. Society. 37(5): A-98.
(18) Birchard, G.F., and Reiber, C.L. 1994.
Heart rate during development in a reptile: Effect of temperature.
Am. Physiol.
Society.
37(5): A-75.
(17) Reiber, C.L., 1994. Osmoregulation in the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii):
Hormonal regulation by atrial natriuretic peptide.
Journal of the
Arizona, Nevada Academy of Sciences. 29:26.
(16) Reiber, C.L., 1993. Evidence for peripheral O2-sensitive
chemoreceptors in the crayfish (Procambarus
clarkii)? Am. Zool.
33(5):31A.
(15) Reiber, C.L., 1993. Physiological adaptations of crayfish to the hypoxic
environment. to Am. Zool. 33(5):52A.
(14) Birchard, G.F., and Reiber, C.L. 1992. Effect of temperature on growth, O2
consumption and CAM vascular density in snapping
turtle
embryos. Am. Zool. 32: 47A.
(13) McMahon, B.R., Reiber, C.L. and Mercier, J. 1991. Effects of lobster peptide F1 on regional flow
distribution in the lobster
Homarus americanus. Am. Zool. 31: 133A.
(12) Reiber, C.L., 1991. Hemodynamics of
the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (girard). Am. Zool. 31: 76A.
(11) McMahon, B.R., and Reiber C.L. 1991.
Peptidergic control of arterial hemolymph flow in the lobster Homarus americanus.
IUBS Fed.
Proc. Tokyo, Japan.
(10) Reiber, C.L., McMahon, B.R. and Burggren, W.W. 1991. Redistribution of cardiac output in response to
hypoxia: A
comparison of
the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii and the lobster Homarus americanus. IUBS Fed. Proc.
Tokyo,
Japan.
(9) McMahon, B.R., and Reiber, C.L. 1991.
Effects of proctolin in controlling the distribution of cardiac output
in the lobster. The
FASEB Journal:
A1057.
(8) Reiber, C.L. 1990. Redistribution of
cardiac output in response to hypoxia in the crayfish. The Physiologist. 33(4):
A112.
(7) McMahon, B.R., Burggren, W.W. and Reiber, C.L. 1990. Flow redistribution in hypoxic Homarus americanus. Conf. Proc. of the
Canadian
Society of Zoologists.
(6) McMahon, B.R., Reiber, C.L. and Burggren, W.W.,
1989. Arterial blood flows in
normoxic and hypoxic lobster, Homarus
americanus. Am. Zool. 29: 238A.
(5) deFur, P.L., Mangum, C.P.
and Reiber, C.L., 1988. Effects of long term hypoxia on
respiration in Callinectes sapidus.
Am. Zool.
28: 62A.
(4) Reiber, C.L. and deFur, P.L., 1988.
Equilibrium of the acid‑base system of crustacean hemolymph in Vitro. Am. Zool. 28: 18A.
(3) deFur, P.L., Pease, A.L., and Reiber, C.L.,
1988. Compensatory responses
during hypoxia in blue crabs, Callinectes
sapidus.
IUBS Fed.
Proc. 272.
(2) Reiber, C.L., Birchard, G.F. and deFur, P.L., 1988. Temperature sensitivity of oxygen uptake in the forest land
crab Stoliczia
abotti. IUBS Fed. Proc.: 325.
(1) deFur, P.L. and Reiber, C.L., 1987. Hemolymph ion levels during molting in
decapod crustaceans. Fed. Proc. 46: 347.
National Science Foundation - Standard Grant:
Integrative Biology and Neuroscience - Ontogeny and plasticity of crustacean
cardiac
physiology ($150,000.00).
Aquatic Biology Awards UNLV-DBS - 1998 - Crayfish
Physiological Ecology In Southern Nevada:
The impact of the
non-native
crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) on the
desert watershed. UNLV-DBS.
Barrick Travel Awards - 1997 - Funding to travel to Kristinegerg
Marine Biological Station, Sweden for a meeting titled:
Homeostasis and environment during
development: A workshop.
National Science Foundation - 1995 - Control of arterial
blood gases: Ventilatory and
cardiovascular perspectives, Symposium.
National Science Foundation - EPSCoR - 1996 - Proposal
Development Grant, Ontogeny and plasticity of cardiac function.
Barrick Travel Awards - 1995 - Funding to travel to the American
Society of Zoologist meetings in Washington D.C.
University Grants and Fellowships Award - 1995 - Developmental
aspects of crustacean cardiovascular functions.
Barrick Travel Awards - 1994 - Funding to travel to the American Physiological
Society meeting in San Diego, CA.
National Science Foundation - EPSCoR - 1994 - Proposal
Development Grant, Pulsed Doppler determination of arterial blood
flow in the
crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).
University Grants and Fellowships Award - 1993 - Arterial hemolymph
(blood) flow and cardio-respiratory functions in
decapod
crustaceans: Effects of exercise.
Connecticut River Watershed Council, Inc. ‑ 1991 - Conservation
Education and Research Grant. Title ‑ Dynamics of
the
cardiovascular system in the crayfish Procambarus as related to environmental
hypoxia and water
acidification: Measurements of hemolymph (blood) flow
and arterial pressure made by Doppler and
micropressure
techniques.
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES:
Society for Integrative and
Comparative Biology/American Society of Zoologists
Crustacean Society
International Association of
Astacology
American Association for the
Advancement of Science
Invited speaker:
|
-SICB |
January, 2001
-- Chicago |
|
-International symposium on
“Cardiac rhythms in Animals:
Regulation, Development and Environmental Influences” |
March, 1998 --
Muroran, Japan |
|
-International workshop on
“Homeostasis and Environment during development” |
July, 1997
--Kristineberg, Sweden |
|
-American Society of
Zoologists Symposium |
December 1995 |
|
-American
Society of Zoologists Symposium |
December 1993 |
|
-George Mason
University |
November 1992 |
|
-University of
Nevada at Las Vegas |
June 1992 |
|
-University of
Massachusetts |
December 1991 |
|
|
|
Graduate Students:
MS Ph.D.
Brett Clarke Jutta
Gaudangoli
Chad Newell Stacy
Harper
Stacey Chapman Brian
Lam
University of Nevada, Las Vegas:
Biology 100 Human
Biology
Biology 320 Invertebrate
Zoology
Biology 360 Mammalian
Physiology
Biology 367 Mammalian
Physiology Laboratory
Biology 447/647 Comparative Animal Physiology
Biology 223-224 Human Anatomy and Physiology
Biology 495 Undergraduate
Seminar
Biology 492 Undergraduate
Research
Biology 493 "Fluid
Flow" Undergraduate Seminar
Biology 701 Ethics
Biology 790 Graduate
Problems in Biology
Biology 796 "Fluid
Flow" Graduate Seminar
Biology 796 "Synmorphosis"
Graduate Seminar
Biology 796 “Strategies
of Biochemical Adaptation”
Biology 790 Advanced
topics in comparative physiology
Biology 748 Environmental
Physiology
University of Florida:
Zoology 5405 The
Physiology of Marine Animals
University of Massachusetts:
Zoology 523L Histology
Biology 100L Biology
for majors
Zoology 566L Vertebrate
Physiology
George Mason University:
Biology 124/125 Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Biology 113L Biology
for majors
Biology 103/103L Biology
for non‑majors
Biology 326L Animal
Physiology
Biology 124/1255L Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Biology 560L Biological
Ultrastructure:
Techniques
in Electron Microscopy
1) Departmental Committees
1998 - present Associate
Chair
1999 - present Graduate
Admissions -
Chair
1998 - 19991 Graduate
Operations -
Member/Chair
1995 - 1999 Personnel
Committee -
Co-Chair
1993 - 1995 Seminar
Committee -
Chair
1993 - present Field
Station Committee -
Member
1994 - 1995 Academic
Honesty Committee -
Organizer
1993 - present Advising
Committee -
Member
1994 - present Preprofessional
Advisor -
Member
1993 - 1998 DBS
library Committee -
Chair
1993 - present Curator
Invertebrate Collection
1993 - present -Search
Committees
-Human
Anatomy & Physiology -
Chair
-Supervisor
of laboratory animal
care -
Member
-Limnology
-
Member
-Aquatic
Biologist -Co-Chair
-Comparative
physiologist -Member
-Integrative
Biologist -Member
-Aquatic
Biologist -Member
-Associate
Director of Laboratory
Animal Medicine -Member
2) College Committees
1994 - present -
Preprofessional Committee -
Member
1993 - 1998 -
Science & Education Committee -
Member
1995 - 1998 -
Academic Standards Committee -
Member
1996 - present -
Association of Prehealth
Professionals faculty advisor -
Chair
1998 - present -
Assessment committee -
Member
2001 – present -
Internal Review of the Department
Mathematics -
Member
3) University Committees
1998 - present - Graduate
Student Association:
Faculty advisor
1994 - present -
Institutional Animal Care & Use
Committee -
Member
1999 - 2000 -
Institutional Animal Care & Use
Committee -
Chair
1996 - present
- Human
Subjects Review Committee -
Member
1997 - present -
Representative to the Eastern Mojave
Field Station -
Member
1998 - 1999 -Internal
Peer review committee
Faculty Senate -
Chair
2000 – present - Dental school
curriculum committee -
Member
4) National/International
Service
1999 -
Organizer of the 4th International Workshop on cardiac developmental
physiology. To be held in Denton Texas in May of
2002.
1997 -
Organizer of a symposium for the Fifth International Congress of
Comparative
physiology and Biochemistry to be held in Calgary, 1999.
1995
-Organizer of a symposium for the American Society of Zoologist meeting in
Washington D.C., Dec. 1995. Title:
Control
of arterial blood gases:
Ventilatory and cardiovascular perspectives.
1994 -
Co-organizer of a symposium/workshop as a satellite of the American
Physiological Society meeting in Nov. 1994.
Title:
Spontaneous workshop on developmental physiology.
Reviewer for the following
journals and granting agencies:
Journal
of Comparative Physiology Journal
of Experimental Biology
Crustacean
Biology National Science Foundation
Physiological
Zoology NCERC, U.K.
American
Physiological Society WHICHE
Comparative
Biochemistry & Physiology
Dr. M.G. Wheatly
Department of Biological
Sciences
Wright State University
Dayton, OH 45435
(513) 873-2655
Dr. G.F. Birchard
Department of Biology
George Mason University
Fairfax, VA 22030
(703) 993-1050
Dr. B.R. McMahon
Department of Biological
Sciences
University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta T2V‑1N4
Canada
(403) 220-3554
Dr. W.W. Burggren
Dean - College of Arts and
Sciences
Department of Biological
Sciences
University of
North Texas
P.O. Box
305220
Denton TX
76205-5220
U.S.A.
Health Nevada Grant Proposal
Nicotine: Day-to-Day Hazards
Executive Summary
Please
organize a one page executive summary covering the following eight topics:
1) Brief description of the project and the need(s) to be addressed. Recently, there has been evidence that nicotine, the active agent in tobacco, may affect motor and mental abilities of smokers and children of smokers, and that these effects can impact the safety of us all. The present proposal is designed to fund two experiments that examine the effects of nicotine on motor and mental abilities and the effect of nicotine on the development of fetuses. There is little, if any, data currently documenting these issues. We would like Nevada to be one of the first states in the nation to establish a comprehensive research and teaching center for the effects of nicotine on motor and mental abilities.
2) What services will be offered and by whom. Through a better understanding of the interactions of nicotine on motor and mental abilities, this research will have a significant impact on: (1) the relationship between nicotine and fetal development (2) more effective smoking secession treatment plans including pharmacological interventions, (3) better education of at-risk populations, and (4) more effective diagnosis of long-term nicotine related disorders. Additionally, since this project establishes a research line in nicotine, it will serve students who are to become future researchers to carry the torch to their students and communities.
3) Who
will receive services, the size of the population to be served, and where they
live.
The results will have an impact on understanding the motor/mental changes that affect tobacco users and those who come in contact with them, including unborn children. As a result, it could easily be argued that the results affect the entire population of Nevada, and because we will train researchers in the area, and the information will have national impact, those served will reach beyond Nevada as well.
4) The funding
requested for year one and year two, and the amount and source of matching
support, if applicable. The funding request is $276,270 and $173,390 for
year one and year two, respectively.
The in-kind support totals $116,000, and comes primarily from the Vicom
Motion Systems, the Laser Confocal High Resolution Microscopy laboratory
(UNLV), departments of Kinesiology and Biology (UNLV), and the Center for
Stress physiology (UNLV).
5) How the project accomplishments will be documented and project outcomes measured. The outcomes for this proposed research would come in two forms: science and education.
Science: Basic findings, scientific publications, scientific presentations, future funding. Education: Implementation of new and improved educational programs to schools and the community as a whole. Consultation with anti-smoking organizations.
6) Brief description of
collaboration efforts with existing programs or forming new partnerships to
provide the proposed services. Collaboration
will initially include five faculty and numerous student researchers from UNLV,
and ultimately researchers from the Nevada system as a whole. Education collaboration will include
statewide agencies interested in smoking education.
7) Brief description of any innovative methods this program will use to service target population. There is no large-scale research focus on nicotine’s effect on day-to-day motor/mental abilities. The impact of such information can be immediately dramatic. We expect that the scientific splash made from the findings will yield ripples that impact Nevada and the nation for many years and in many directions.
8) Describe
future potential of the program. The
potential impact of the study can have an enormous effect on the population as
a whole. As such, the initiators
of this proposal plan to pursue this line of research and aggressively pursue
external funding for years to come.
Nicotine:
Day to Day Hazards (DDH)
1. IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF THE PROJECT PURPOSE (25 Points)
The commonly known facts associated with smoking are staggering. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an estimated 434,000 persons die each year from smoking. In Nevada alone one in five deaths are attributed to smoking. The Office of Technology Assessment estimated that a decade ago smoking-related illnesses cost United States taxpayers more than $68 billion annually. Although these facts seem astonishing, the cost may be even greater than estimated. It is now being discovered that nicotine, the active agent in tobacco, may have another effect on our lives; one that is little known but could endanger us on a regular basis; one that could be as meaningful as the relationship between smoking and cancer.
Although most smokers would suggest that nicotine improves their motor and mental abilities, in the long run it could in fact be doing just the opposite. Smoking could decrease these abilities causing endangerment the lives of many Nevadans, including smokers and non-smokers. As a result, tobacco use could have consequences for children, including infant development. These rather dramatic findings are based on preliminary results from one of our cooperative laboratories at Arizona State University (see collaboration: Arizona). We would like to bring this research to the state of Nevada and be one of the first in the nation to establish a comprehensive research and teaching center for the effects of nicotine on motor and mental abilities.
The present proposal is designed to fund a series of experiments that examine the effects of nicotine on motor and mental abilities. Specifically, we intend to complete two experiments; one with humans and one with an animal model (rats). The human study will investigate the effects of nicotine and nicotine withdrawal on motor and mental abilities. The animal study will investigate the effects on nicotine on the development of (rat) fetuses, and will be referred back to humans. The specific hypothesis with which we will be working is that nicotine affects motor and mental abilities of smokers and the children of smokers, and these motor and mental deficits affect the population at large. Through the course of the study several specific outcomes are anticipated. This study will provide data on the long-term outcome of exposure to nicotine on current smokers and future generations, and will prepare researchers to study the impact of nicotine on humans. Through a better understanding of the interactions of nicotine on motor and mental abilities, this research will have a significant impact on: (1) the relationship between nicotine and fetal development (2) more effective smoking secession treatment plans including pharmacological interventions, (3) better education of at-risk populations, and (4) more effective diagnosis of long-term nicotine related disorders. An overview of the methodology to be used is presented below and a more complete description of the methodology is presented on a web page set up specifically for this grant. The address for this web page is: http://www.unlv.edu/programs/motor_behavior/index.htm, and go to “Nicotine DDH”.
Background
Tobacco has been traditionally associated with enhanced human psychomotor performance18,12,13. In other words tobacco users think that after they have a cigarette they are more energetic and alert, with better reaction times. However, the temporary increase in performance assumed by tobacco users and sometimes found by researchers, may have been only short lived. Indeed, examinations of the effects of nicotine in minimally abstinent tobacco smokers show only small, short-term positive effects16. Furthermore, smoking, and abstinence from smoking, is known to produce deficits in motor performance in heavy smokers. For example, it has been demonstrated that after a short abstinence, heavy smokers have longer reaction times, slowed movement (e.g., bradykinesia) and impaired postural control 2. Performance deficits have also been hypothesized for newborn babies of smoking mothers, resulting from nicotine crossing the placental barrier. Specifically, developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system as well as motor deficits may result. The implications for these effects are dramatic for adults, as discussed below, and the implications for children may be far greater.
Longer reaction times; Reaction time is the time it takes to initiate a movement10. For example, if the car in front of us brakes, the amount of time it takes us to start responding to that car is the reaction time. As one could imagine, taking longer to respond can have detrimental effects in driving situation. Likewise, an airline pilot, who is a smoker, may be slower to respond after a short abstinence from cigarettes. Clearly this can be an issue to the pilot and those aboard the airplane.
Slowed movement: Slowness of movement, known as bradykinesia, is present in certain disease states (e.g., Parkinson’s disease) and may be present in smokers as well. In combination with a slower reaction time, nicotine related bradykinesia would suggest that smokers would be slower to start responding and would execute the movement slower as well. As mentioned in the above examples, this could have significant effects on safety.
Impaired postural control: Generally, impaired postural control refers to problems with balance that may result in falls11. It is estimated that each year falls account for approximately $50 million in medical expenses. Some of these falls are the result of bones breaking due to osteoporosis, which occurs through normal aging and has been linked to tobacco use. Yet another reason for falls is related to impaired postural control, which also may be related to tobacco use.
Developmental deficit: Neural development proceeds at a preprogrammed rate where neural pathways are established and refined as the embryo develops. Nervous system maturation continues in direct response to sensory input and motor patterning into early childhood. The exposure of the developing nervous system to harmful chemicals (such as nicotine) or other aberrant conditions can result in incomplete development of critical neural pathways. This lack of a neural pathway can have dramatic consequences in a direct way, but may also result in down stream problems. A similar deficit can arise from abnormal development of individual nerve cells where the biochemistry of the neural pathway is modified (a functional equivalent to the lack of a pathway can result). It is this subtle type of developmental deficit that nicotine may impart upon the exposed fetus where there is an up-regulation of dopaminergic neurons associated with specific parts of the brain. The increase in dopamine producing nerves or their change in regulatory sensitivity can have serious down stream effects on both motor performance and mental acuity during the formative early childhood years. The consequences not only fall into the four categories listed above but may also prove to have other less well documented outcomes.
Why does nicotine affect the
motor system?
For over 50 years a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) termed dopamine has been known to affect the nervous system, normal functioning of brain mechanisms, as well as the heart and neural endocrine system (hormones). It has also been shown that tobacco smoking temporally increases dopamine release in the basal ganglia through the activation of nicotine receptors16, 20,9,3,4. Moreover, cessation of chronic nicotine intake coincides with a decrease of dopamine levels in the striatum and nucleus accumbens in rats, and a reduction of locomotor activity8. It appears then that what happens is that nicotine increases release of the dopamine, which enhances performance on the short term, but eventually leads to dopamine depletion. Chronic dopamine depletion is known to cause overall degradation in motor performance. For example, low levels of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are known to cause deficits in motor initiation and execution. Post-mortem studies reveal deficits in nicotine binding and decreased dopamine levels in the caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, and dosolateral tegmentum of PD patients15,14 who show profound motor deficits such as tremor, slowed movements, impaired movement coordination and reduced visuo-motor adaptation7,19. Burtscher et al. (1994) reported that after 2 hours of abstinence heavy smokers have longer reaction times, slowed movement, and impaired postural control. Variations in levels of dopamine due to fluctuations in nicotine before and after tobacco smoking may result in degradation in motor performance. Long term drug treatment with levadopa and dopamine agonists produce troubling motor fluctuations that cause slowing of gait and arm movements between drug medication cycles21.
The developmental implications of tobacco use by mothers, and thus fetal exposure, are wide ranging and long lasting, with potential life threatening/altering consequences. Nicotine along with many other know or suspected carcinogens/toxins, enters the circulatory system, cross the placenta, and ultimately has a direct impact on the fetus. Spontaneous pregnancy terminations, low birth weights, failure to thrive as well as intellectual and motor deficits have been attributed to smoking tobacco products during pregnancy. Studies have focused on the generic implication of tobacco use by mothers and not on the specifics of fetal exposure to nicotine. However, a direct link can be hypothesized from observed motor coordination deficits in at-risk newborns and the established impact of nicotine on the adult dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system (found in the caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, and dosolateral tegmentum) 15,14. In short, a fetus chronically exposed to tobacco related chemicals and specifically nicotine may display motor coordination deficits similar to those noted in adults. Is this a permanent change in dopamine producing neurons? Can the developing nervous system compensate for this abnormality? What are the long-term consequences of nicotine exposure on motor function of newborns? Currently, we do not know the answers to these questions but we need to know to better inform and treat the smoking population of Nevada.
Despite the known nicotine-dopamine interaction and the established relationship between dopamine and motor functions, few studies have addressed the short and long-term effects of tobacco smoking on motor control and coordination in humans. Therefore, we propose two experiments.
The human study will investigate the effects of nicotine and nicotine withdrawal on motor and mental abilities. Smokers will attempt to learn a complex motor skill. There will be four groups of smokers each containing 15 individuals. Group 1 will practice the task immediately after intake of nicotine and will be tested after the intake of nicotine (on-on group). Group 2 will practice the task immediately after intake of nicotine and will be tested after an abstinence from nicotine (on-off group). Group 3 will practice the task after an abstinence from nicotine and will be tested after the intake of nicotine (off-on group). Group 4 will practice the task after an abstinence from nicotine and will be tested after an abstinence from nicotine (off-off group). The groups will be compared in regard to their control of the movement (motor abilities) and their ability to learn the movement (mental abilities). Sophisticated instrumentation will partition movements into components similar to work previously conducted on Parkinson’s patients to assess tremor, reaction time, and movement time. Human subjects approval has been granted for this experiment.
The animal study will investigate the effects on nicotine on the development of fetal rat brains, and will be referred back to humans. The rat is a commonly used model system for the investigation of nervous system development. There will be four groups of rats containing 15 individuals. Group 1 will consist of female rats with no exposure to nicotine during pregnancy (control). Group 2 will consist of female rats exposed to nicotine for the duration of their pregnancy. Group 3 will consist of rats exposed to nicotine over the first 70% of their pregnancy followed by a cessation (withdrawal) of nicotine during the last 30% of pregnancy. Group 4 will consist of rats exposed to nicotine for the first 50% of pregnancy followed by a cessation of nicotine during the last 50%. At 24 hours post parturition (birth) the brains of the adult female rats as well as the brains of their offspring will be prepared for histological sectioning using standard techniques (all techniques used in this study are commonly employed at UNLV). Rat brains will be frozen and sectioned using a cryostat. Frozen thin sections well be stained for the presence of dopamine producing neurons using standard immunohistochemical techniques. An assessment of dopaminergic neuron location (anatomy) density will be made using the Laser Confocal High Resolution Imaging Center. Three-dimensional neuronal mapping of dopamine producing neurons as well as density maps will be constructed using the Confocal images and the Imaging & Analysis facilities. Animal care and use is pending and will be approved prior to funding.
2. MEETING THE UNMET NEEDS OF THOSE TO BE SERVED (20 points)
Nevada has one of the highest per capita smoking rate in the nation, but the unmet needs go well beyond the smokers themselves. In discussing what needs are met it seems helpful to first discuss who is affected (as discussed in Section 3) and how they are affected. In our case, it could be easily argued that the current and future population of Nevada is affected. This encompasses more than 2,000,000 Nevadans.
At this point one could argue that our audience is too broad. If, for example, we were looking at a new method of counseling smokers and we suggested it affected the population as a whole this argument may be levied. However, the proposed research is a fundamentally new way to examine at the impact of smoking in general. Therefore casting a broad net is perhaps appropriate.
Specifically those who are affected and how they are affected can be divided into five categories: inhalers of nicotine (smokers, second hand smokers), the population who comes in contact with smokers, children, students, and clinicians. Some of these categories overlap in their membership.
Inhalers of nicotine. This category obviously includes smokers, but it also includes those individuals who inhale second hand smoke. This is a far to common scenario at casinos and any location that mixes smokers with non-smokers. The findings may help decrease smoking, making smoking environments healthier, and affect the behavior of the smokers and non-smokers.
Population who comes in contact with smokers. Although this may seem like the same category as second hand smokers it is not. Because nicotine may affect motor and mental abilities, the people in this category may be affected not by the smoke itself, but by the behavior of the smoker. For example, in driving situations a smoker may be more at risk than a non-smoker. However, the smoker may come in contact with the non-smoker in an unpleasant fashion.
Children. If in fact nicotine affects unborn children, the present and future population of children is at risk from smokers by the direct affect of nicotine. Additionally, existing children, during critical stages of development may be more severely affected by nicotine conquest of the dopamine receptors. These critical stages encompass early development as well as adolescence.
Students/Future Researchers. By training current students in research techniques related to nicotine, we hope to create a splash in the field whose ripples will impact Nevada and the nation for years to come. These ripples will be felt in all areas of nicotine investigations involving biomedical sciences.
Clinicians. By better understanding the biochemical mechanisms of nicotine and the effect of nicotine on motor and mental abilities, clinicians can better affect smoking cessation. For example, it could be that medication currently associated with Parkinson’s symptoms help individuals stop smoking. Current methods are clearly unsuccessful.
Each of these groups can be affected by the information yielded from the proposed research, and by future related research. It is well understood that research data is needed to assist in the development of treatment policies and programs and to validate requests for future funding. Understanding how nicotine affects day-to-day motor and mental abilities affects all who come in contact with smokers, including the smokers themselves. Currently, there is no central research effort in the state of Nevada that is examining the far-reaching affects of nicotine the way that the current research proposes to do. Funding the proposal not only puts Nevada at the forefront of scientific research in regard to nicotine, it also provides a direct platform to educate our citizens on dangers of smoking that have not been known in the past.
3. SIZE OF POPULATION SERVED (10 points)
As mentioned in Section 2, the state-wide population we anticipate our research affecting encompasses more than 2,000,000 Nevadans, because it will affect inhalers of nicotine (smokers, second hand smokers), the population who comes in contact with smokers, children, students, and clinicians. The categories affect nearly all of the current and near future residents of Nevada.
Clark County, i.e., the
greater Las Vegas metropolitan area, has a considerable number of Hispanics and
Native Americans and we will ensure that they are well represented in our
experiment. An overview of the
composition of the local population over 18 years of age is given in Table
1. In addition, we will ensure
that women are fully represented in our patient and control groups. Children
will be excluded from participation due to the extremely low prevalence of
smoking in children and because of safety issues. We will ensure that the distribution of participants
approximates the percentages of the county.
Table 1. Composition of the population of Clark County (2000 Census of Nevada State Demographer for 18 years of age and older).
_____________________________________________________________
Whites 85.2%
Hispanic or Latino 13.6%
Blacks 10.2%
Asians / Pacific Islanders 3.6%
American Indians 1.0%
The method of subject recruitment will follow from more than 10 years experience in data collection at UNLV. Participants will be partially recruited from students enrolled in undergraduate courses. These students usually receive extra credit or participation credit for participation in our experiments. Students are given credit even if they do not decide to complete the study if they feel uncomfortable in any way. We also distribute advertisements on campus to attract students from several departments and backgrounds. UNLV has ethnic demographics that approximately breakdown as follows: 21% are ethnic minorities, 51% are women, 49% men. Therefore we will be able to recruit from the UNLV campus and obtain an adequate distribution of ethnic minorities and men and women. Additionally, the experiments will be advertised in the Las Vegas metropolitan area and on-campus through announcements in newspapers and bulletin boards. These announcements will provide a general description of the experiments and ask interested people to contact the Motor Behavior Laboratory, where the project associate will give them a detailed explanation of the test procedures and a demonstration of the experimental tests, and they will be asked to volunteer. Subjects will be informed of the experimental protocol and any potential risks and will be informed that they have the right to withdraw at any time with no penalty. Subjects will be asked to sign an informed consent form, in accordance with human subjects policies. Our procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of University of Las Vegas Nevada. Subjects will be offered a small financial compensation for participating.
4. DOCUMENTING AND MEASUREING OUTCOMES (10 points)
The outcomes for this proposed research would come in two forms: science and education.
From a scientific
perspective, outcomes can be evaluated as follows:
Fundamental data analysis: Essentially this is interpreting our findings.
Publications: This includes papers in peer reviewed scientific journals.
Presentations: This includes presentations at national and international research meetings during which we document the findings from our Health Nevada sponsored research.
Experimental models: Through our research we can expand our finding to establish vertebrate models systems in which we can use rat models to simulate humans and investigate the biochemistry of nicotine on motor abilities.
Educate student on research techniques in the biochemistry of nicotine/
From an educational
perspective, outcomes can be evaluated as follows:
Implementation of new and improved educational programs to schools and the community as a whole. This can be accomplished partially through statewide presentation of the information.
Consultation with anti-smoking organizations throughout Southern Nevada to improve programs using the new information we will obtain.
Work with pharmaceutical companies to help test new drug therapies using non-vertebrate models system, rat models and human systems each where appropriate.
Use standard assessment procedures (surveys etc.) to establish the efficiency of the program.
Educate student on research techniques in the biochemistry of nicotine/
5.
COST EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROJECT (10 points)
The cost effectiveness can be measured directly and indirectly. The direct cost effectiveness can be measured in future grant dollars that come into the Nevada system in nicotine related grants. It is the intention of the authors to continue this line of research and aggressively pursue funding opportunities once a database has been established in Nevada. Additionally, in future funding opportunities, the authors plan to cast a wide net of inclusion with collaborating Nevada scientists such as those at the University of Nevada system faculty, University of Nevada Medical School, and University of Nevada Dental School.
The indirect cost effectiveness can only be postulated based on the potential effects of the findings from the current studies. Given that Nevada has the highest per capita smoking rate, there is a great need for more effective smoking cessation methods. If our results lead to a more effective means of smoking cessation, the cost effectiveness in health care dollars could be staggering and the cost effectiveness in lives could be even greater.
Finally, it is worth noting that the cost effectiveness of the proposed research conducted at UNLV is great. To establish research laboratories and staff from scratch is extremely cost ineffective. We are simply suggesting a mobilization of existing resources, combined with additional support, rather than the creation of a wholly new research entity.
6. INNOVATION (5 points)
This is a new way to examine the effects of smoking. This research will look at a biological system that has never before been examined in this light and the ramifications of this research will be powerful and of tremendous impact. Instead of looking at the long-term “end of life” effects of tobacco use (e.g. cancer, heart disease, emphysema etc.) we will be looking at the impact of tobacco use in terms of day-to-day effects (limiting motor control, loss of mental abilities) as well as babies and children that never get a “fair start in life” due to the impact of nicotine on early nervous system development. The current project is in some ways as innovative as the studies conducted in the 40’s and 50’s that established the link between smoking and cancer. In 30 years people will be shocked at the fact that nicotine has such wide ranging and deleterious ramification on human health.
7. COLLABORATION (5 points)
NEVADA. This project is founded on collaborative interactions between Dr. Guadagnoli’s (Department of Kinesiology) and Dr. Reiber’s (Department of Biological Sciences) research programs, which will be strengthened through the funding of this grant proposal. In addition, several new UNLV partners will be added to the collaborative efforts including the Laser Confocal High Resolution Microscopy laboratory directed by Dr. Steven deBelle (Department of Biological Sciences), the motor behavior laboratory (Dr. Gabriele Wulf), the imaging & analysis facility (Dr. Steve Roberts – Department of Biological Sciences) and the animals care and use facility. Also included as a collaborative group will be the UNLV School of Dentistry, which has an ongoing program to monitor at risk secondary school students for oral cancers, related to tobacco use. UNLV student organizations will also make significant contributions to this research program. Research assistants as well as subjects will be recruited from these organizations, in addition undergraduate and graduate students will be used to promote the findings of this research. Many of the services of these centers and facilities will be performed at cost or through training initiatives. Collaborative efforts will also be developed between University of Nevada system entities; these include the University of Nevada School of Medicine (UNSOM), and the southern Area Health Education Coordinators (AHEC). Both of these system units have ongoing anti- tobacco use programs and will be used as resources to both identify at risk populations and as educational out reach programs. A number of smoking clinics will also be integrated into the research program to obtain targeted at risk subjects as well as to educate the public as to the negative health impact of tobacco use and nicotine. The ultimate application of this research will be through smoking cessation clinics that will put to use the research findings of this study.
ARIZONA. As mentioned in the introduction, preliminary results from one of our cooperative laboratories at Arizona State University have been instrumental in establishing the relationship between nicotine intake and motor and mental abilities. Dr. Guadagnoli, of this proposal, worked with the group from ASU in developing some of the techniques. Dr. George Stelmach, the laboratory director at ASU, has a 40-year record of funding related to dopamine deficiencies, primarily working with Parkinson’s disease (please see webpage for details). Dr. Stelmach has enthusiastically agreed to serve in a consultant role for this project.
8.
LEVERAGING OF ADDITIONAL RESOURCES (5 points)
Several sources have already committed resources to this program. Private in kind resources equaling $52,000 for equipment has been the Vicom Motion Systems for the purchase of the motion analysis system. The Laser Confocal High Resolution Microscopy laboratory has committed both technician time as well as microscope time at or below cost to this project as part of their ongoing training program, equating to approximately $7,500 in-kind funding. The imaging and analysis facility will commit both technical expertise as well as equipment at no cost to this project, equating to approximately $5,000 in-kind funding. The Center for Stress physiology at UNLV will also support this program through the use of their chemical analysis facility, their histo-chemical equipment as well as space and technical input, equating to approximately $15,500 in-kind funding. The departments of Kinesiology and Biology will also provide a graduate student stipend for this project, equating to approximately $36,000 in-kind funding. This totals approximately $116,000 in in-kind funding. In addition, UNLV will underwrite the cost of much of the space, office support and technical support for this project.
9. POTENTIAL FOR ONGOING SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PROJECT (5 points)
This project is intended to be the foundation for continued research into the health effects of nicotine on motor and mental abilities in smoking populations as well as those expose to tobacco products. This research will be sustained through several funding sources at both the federal and private levels. The National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation will be targeted for funding in proposals submitted by both Dr. Guadagnoli and Dr. Reiber. Dr. Silverton of the UNLV Dental School as well as Dr. Gerstenburger will also be co-PI’s on NIH and EPA grant proposals dealing with the effects of nicotine on motor control and development. The UNLV Dental School’s program on oral cancer will also be used to leverage ongoing support for this research program. In addition private sources will be identified for the long-term support of this project these include anti-smoking clinics, the Packard foundation and the Eisenhower foundation for education and decimation of results.
LITERATURE CITED
1. Balfour, D.J.K. (1982). The effects of nicotine on brain neurotransmitter systems. Pharmac. Ther. 16, 269-282.
2. Burtscher, M., Likar, R., Pechlaner, C., Kunz, F., and Philadelphy, M. (1994). Motor symptoms similar to parkinsonism in heavy smokers. International journal of sports medicine, 15(4), 207-212.
3. Clarke, P.B.S., and Pert, A. (1985). Autoradiographic evidence for nicotine receptors on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons. Brain Research, 348, 355-358.
4. Clarke, P.B.S., Pert, C.B., and Pert, A. (1984). Autoradiographic distribution of nicotine receptors in rat brain. Brain Research, 323, 390-395.
5. Contreras-Vidal, J.L., and Stelmach, G.E. (1995). A neural model of basal ganglia-thalamocortical in normal and parkinsonian movement. Biol. cybern., 73, 467-476.
6. Contreras-Vidal, J.L., Teulings, H.L., and Stelmach, G.E. (1995). Micrographia in Parkinson’s disease. Neuro Report, 6, 2089-2092.
7. Contreras-Vidal, J.L. and Schultz, W. (1996). A neural network model of reward-related learning, motivation and orienting behavior. Soc. Neurosci. Abst., 22: 2029.
8. Fung, Y.K., Schmid, M.J., Anderson, T.D., and Lau, Y.S. (1996). Effects of nicotine withdrawal on central dopaminergic systems. Pharmacology biochemistry and behavior, 53(3), 635-640.
9. Fuxe, K., Andersson, K., Harfstrand, A., Eneroth, P., Perez de la Mora, M., and Agnati, L.F. (1990). Effects of nicotine on synaptic transmission in the brain. In: Wonnacott, S., Russell, M.A.H., and Stolerman, I.P. (Eds.), Nicotine Psychopharmacology, 194-225, Oxford University Press.
10. Guadagnoli, M.A., Leis, B., Van Gemmert A.W.A., & Stelmach, G.E. (in press). The relationship between knowledge of
results and motor learning in Parkinson’s patients Journal of Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
11. Guadagnoli,
M. A., Lander, J. E., Reeve, T. G., & Dornier, L. A. (1992). Contributions of premotor and motor
times to stimulus-response compatibility effects. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 22, 65-70.
12. Hindmarch, I., Kerr, J.S., and Sherwood, N. (1990). Effects of nicotine gum on psychomotor performance in smokers and non-smokers. Psychopharmacology, 100(4), 535-541.
13. Kerr, J.S., Sherwood, N., and Hindmarch, I. (1991). Separate and combined effects of the social drugs on psychomotor performance. Psychopharmacology, 104(1), 113-119.
14. Perry, E.K., Morris, C.M., Court, J.A., Cheng, A., Fairbairn, A.F., Mckeith, I.G., Irving, D., Brown, A., and Perry, R.H. (1995). Neuroscience, 64(2), 385-395.
15. Perry, E.K., Smith, C.J., Perry, R.H., Whitford, C., Johnson, M., and Birdsall, N.J. (1989). Regional distribution of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptor binding activities in the human brain. J. Chem. Neuroanat, 2, 189-199.
16. Rapier, C., Lunt, G.G., and Wonnacott, S. (1988). Stereoselective nicotine-induced release of dopamine from striatal synaptosomes: concentration dependence and repetitive stimulation. J. Neurochem, 50, 1123-1130
17. Sherwood, N. (1993). Effects of nicotine on human psychomotor performance. Human-psychopharmacology-clinical-and-experimental, 8(3), 155-184.
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