We gratefully acknowledge support of the NDFF from the DOE Terrestrial Carbon Processes program,  the Brookhaven National Laboratory, the DOE National Nuclear Security Administration/Nevada Operations Office, and National Security Technologies (NSTec).

resultS

Publications: Peer-reviewed, in print

*Listed by Facililty

NDFF Publications

Submitted/In Press

DeFalco LA, Fernandez GCJ, Smith SD, Nowak RS. (in review) Plant-plant interactions in a Mojave Desert shrubland exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 during two years of contrasting rainfall. Global Change Biology (submitted).

DeFalco LA, Ivans CK, Vivin P, Seemann JR, Nowak RS (200X) Photosynthesis and resource allocation for three Mojave Desert grasses in response to elevated atmospheric CO₂. Plant Ecology (accepted with major revisions).

Housman DC, Smith SD (in review) Photosynthesis and growth of the desert annual Camissonia claviformis under enhanced CO₂ and soil nitrogen. Plant Ecology.

Vila M, Corbin JD, Dukes JS, Pino J, Smith SD (2006) Linking plant invasions to environmental global change. In Canadell P, Pataki D, Pitelka L (eds) Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World. International Geosphere-Biosphere Synthesis Series, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia (in press).

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2007

DeFalco L.A., Fernandez G.C.J., and Nowak R.S. (2007) Variation in the establishment of a non-native annual grass influences competitive interactions with Mojave Desert perennials. Biological Invasions 9:293-307.

2006

Geron, C, Guenther A, Greenberg J, Karl T, and Rasmussen, R. (2006) Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from desert vegetation of the southwestern US. Atmospheric Environment 40:1645-1660.

Housman DC, Naumburg E, Huxman TE, Charlet TN, Nowak RS, Smith SD (2006). Increases in desert shrub productivity under elevated CO₂ vary with water availability. Ecosystems 9:374-385.

Phillips DL, Johnson MG, Tingey DT, Catricala CE, Hoyman TL and Nowak RS (2006) Effects of elevated CO₂ on fine root dynamics in a Mojave Desert community: a FACE study. Global Change Biology 12:61-73.

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2005

Apple ME, Thee CI, Smith-Longozo VL, Cogar CR, Wells CE, Nowak RS (2005) Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of Larrea tridentata and Ambrosia dumosa roots varies with precipitation and season in the Mojave Desert. Symbiosis 39:131-136.

Jasoni RL, Smith SD, Arnone JA III (2005) Net ecosystem CO2 exchange in Mojave Desert shrublands during the eighth year of exposure to elevated CO₂. Global Change Biology 11:749-756.

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2004

Billings S, Schaeffer SM, Evans RD (2004) Soil microbial activity and N availability with elevated CO₂ in Mojave Desert soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18 GB1011, 11 p.

Ellsworth DS, Reich PB, Naumburg ES, Koch GW, Kubiske ME, Smith SD (2004) Photosynthesis, carboxylation and leaf nitrogen responses of 16 species to elevated pCO₂ across four free-air CO₂ enrichment experiments in forest, grassland and desert. Global Change Biology 10(12): 2121-2138.

Morgan JA, Pataki DE, Körner C, Clark H, Del Grosso SJ, Grünzweig JM, Knapp AK, Mosier AR, Newton PCD, Niklaus PA, Nippert J, Nowak RS, Parton WJ, Polley HW, Shaw MR (2004) Water relations in grassland and desert ecosystems exposed to elevated atmospheric CO₂. Oecologia 140:11-25.

Nagel JN, Huxman TE, Griffin KL, Smith SD (2004) CO₂ enrichment reduces the energetic cost of biomass construction in an invasive desert grass. Ecology 85:100-106.

Naumburg E, Loik ME and Smith SD (2004) Photosynthetic responses of Larrea tridentata to seasonal temperature extremes under elevated CO₂. New Phytologist 162:323-330.

Nowak RS, Ellsworth DS and Smith SD (2004) Tansley Review: Functional responses of plants to elevated atmospheric CO₂ - Do photosynthetic and productivity data from FACE experiments support early predictions? New Phytologist 162:253-280.

Nowak RS, Zitzer SF, Babcock D, Smith-Longozo V, Charlet TN, Coleman JS, Seemann JR and Smith SD (2004) Elevated atmospheric CO₂ does not conserve soil water in the Mojave Desert. Ecology 85:93-99.

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2003

BassiriRad H, Constable JVH, Lussenhop J, Kimball BA, Norby RJ, Oechel WC, Reich PB, Schlesinger WH, Zitzer S, Sehtiya HL, Silim S (2003) Widespread foliage δ15N depletion under elevated CO₂: inferences for the nitrogen cycle. Global Change Biology 9:1582-1590.

Billings S, Schaeffer SM, Evans RD (2003) Nitrogen fixation by biological soil crusts and heterotrophic bacteria in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem with elevated CO₂ and added soil carbon. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35:643-649.

Billings SA Zitzer SF Weatherley H, Schaeffer SM, Charlet T, Arnone JA Evans RD (2003) Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on green leaf tissue and leaf litter quality in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem. Global Change Biology 9:729-735.

DeFalco LA, Bryla DR, Smith-Longozo V, and Nowak RS (2003) Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp. Rubens (Poaceae) and two native species. American Journal of Botany 90:1045-1053.

Housman, DC, Zitzer SF, Huxman TE, Smith SD (2003) Functional ecology of shrub seedlings after a natural recruitment event at the Nevada Desert FACE Facility. Global Change Biology 9:718-728.

Naumburg E, Housman DC, Huxman TE, Charlet TN, Loik ME, Smith SD (2003) Photosynthetic respones of Mojave Desert shrubs to Free Air CO₂ Enrichment are greatest during wet years. Global Change Biology 9:276-285.
View abstract

Pataki DE, Ellsworth DE, Evans RD, Gonzalez-Meler M, King J, Leavitt SW, Lin G, Matamala R, Pendall E, Siegwolf R, van Kessel C, Ehleringer JR (2003) Tracing changes in ecosystem function under elevated carbon dioxide conditions. BioScience 53:805-818.

Reid CD, Maherali H, Johnson HB, Smith SD, Wullschleger SD and Jackson RB (2003) On the relationship between stomatal characters and atmospheric CO₂. Geophysical Research Letters 30:1-14.

Schaeffer SM, Billings SA, Evans RD (2003) Responses of soil nitrogen dynamics in a Mojave Desert ecosystem to manipulations in soil carbon and nitrogen availability. Oecologia 134:547-553.

Walvoord, M.A., F.M. Phillips, D.A. Stonestrom, R.D. Evans, P.C. Hartsough, B.D. Newman and R.G. Striegl. 2003. A reservoir of nitrate beneath desert soils. Science. 302:1021-1024.

Weatherly HE, Zitzer SF, Coleman JS, Arnone JA III (2003) In situ litter decomposition and litter quality in a Mojave Desert ecosystem: effects of elevated CO₂ and interannual climate variability. Global Change Biology 9:1223-1233.

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2002

Billings S, Schaeffer SM, Evans RD (2002) Trace N gas losses and N mineralization in an Mojave desert soils exposed to elevated CO₂. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34:1777-1784.

Billings SA, Schaeffer SM, Zitzer S, Charlet T, Smith SD, Evans RD (2002) Alterations of nitrogen dynamics under elevated carbon dioxide in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem: evidence from nitrogen-15 natural abundance. Oecologia 131:463-467.
View abstract

Fenstermaker LK, Charlet TN, Huxman TE, Coleman JS, Nowak RS, Smith SD (2002) Global climate change research in the Nevada desert. Pages 97-106 in Charlet DA (editor). Nevada Environmental Issues. Kendall-Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, Iowa.

Hamerlynck EP, Huxman TE, Charlet TN, Smith SD (2002) Effects of elevated CO₂ (FACE) on the functional ecology of the drought-deciduous Mojave Desert shrub, Lycium andersonii. Environmental and Experimental Botany 48:93-106.
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2001

Evans RD, Lange OL (2001) Biological soil crusts and ecosystemnitrogen and carbon dynamics. Pages 263-279 in J. Belnap and O.L. Lange (editors) Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function and Management. Ecological Studies Series, Springer Verlag, New York.

Evans RD, Belnap J, Garcia-Pichel F, Phillips S (2001) Global change and the future of biological soil crusts. Pages 417-429 in J. Belnap and O.L.Lange (editors) Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function and Management. Ecological Studies Series, Springer Verlag, New York.

Evans RD (2001) Physiological mechanisms influencing plant nitrogen isotope composition. Solicited review. Trends in Plant Sciences 6:121-126.

Huxman TE, Smith SD (2001) Photosynthesis in an invasive grass and native forb at elevated CO₂ during an El Niño year in the Mojave Desert. Oecologia 128:193-201.
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Huxman TE, Charlet TN, Grant C, Smith SD (2001) The effects of parental CO₂ and offspring nutrient environment on initial growth and photosynthesis in an annual grass. International Journal of Plant Science 162:617-623.
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Johnson MG, Tingey DT, Phillips DL, Storm MJ (2001) Advancing fine root research with minirhizotrons. (Solicited review) Environmental and Experimental Botany 45:263-289.

Nowak RS, DeFalco LA, Wilcox CS, Jordan DN, Coleman JS, Seemann JR, Smith SD (2001) Leaf conductance decreased under free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) for three desert perennials in the Nevada desert New Phytologist 150:449-458.
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2000

Hamerlynck EP, Huxman TE, Loik ME, Smith SD (2000) Effects of extreme high temperature, drought and elevated CO₂ on photosynthesis of the Mojave Desert evergreen shrub, Larrea tridentata. Plant Ecology 148 (2):183-193.
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Hamerlynck EP, Huxman TE, Nowak RS, Redar S, Loik ME, Jordan DN, Zitzer SF, Coleman JS, Seemann JR, Smith DS (2000) Photosynthetic responses of Larrea tridentata to a step-increase in atmospheric CO₂ at the Nevada Desert FACE Facility. Journal of Arid Environments 44:425-436.
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Loik ME, Huxman TE, Hamerlynck EP, Smith SD (2000) Low temperature tolerance and cold acclimation for seedlings of three Mojave Desert Yucca species exposed to elevated CO₂. Journal of Arid Environments 46:43-56.
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Pataki DE, Huxman TE, Jordan DN, Zitzer SF, Coleman JS, Smith SD, Nowak RS, Seemann JR (2000) Water use of two Mojave Desert shrubs under elevated CO₂. Global Change Biology 6:889-897.
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Phillips DL, Johnson MG, Tingey DT, Biggart C, Nowak RS, Newsom JC (2000) Minirhizotron installation in sandy, rocky soils with minimal soil disturbance. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64:761-764.
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Smith SD, Huxman TE, Zitzer SF, Charlet TN, Housman DC, Coleman JS, Fenstermaker LK, Seemann JR, Nowak RS (2000) Elevated CO₂ increases productivity and invasive species success in an arid ecosystem. Nature 408:79-82.
View abstract

Taub DR, Seemann JR, Coleman JS (2000) Growth in elevated CO₂ protects photosynthesis against high-temperature damage. Plant, Cell and Environment 23:649-656.
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Yoder CK, Nowak RS (2000) Phosphorus acquisition by Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens from soil interspaces shared with Mojave Desert shrubs. Functional Ecology 14:685-692.

Yoder C, Vivin P, DeFalco LA, Seemann JR, Nowak RS (2000) Root growth and function of three Mojave Desert grasses in response to elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration. New Phytologist 145:245-256.
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1999

Evans RD, Johansen JR (1999) Microbiotic crusts and ecosystem processes. Solicited review. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 18:183-225.

Huxman KA, Smith SD, Neuman DS (1999) Root hydraulic conductivity of Larrea tridentata and Helianthus annus under elevated CO₂. Plant, Cell, & Environment 22:325-330.
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Huxman TE, Hamerlynck EP, Smith SD (1999) Reproductive allocation and seed production in Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens at elevated atmospheric CO₂. Functional Ecology 13:769-777.
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Jordan DN, Zitzer SF, Hendrey GR, Lewin KF, Nagy J, Nowak RS, Smith SD, Coleman JS, Seemann JR (1999) Biotic, Abiotic and Performance Aspects of the Nevada Desert Free-Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) Facility. Global Change Biology 5:659-668.
View abstract

Luo Y, Reynolds JF (1999) Validity of extrapolating field CO₂ experiments to predict carbon sequestration in natural ecosystems. Ecology 80:1568-1583.

Luo Y, Reynolds J, Wang Y, Wolfe D (1999) A search for predictive understanding of plant responses to elevated [CO₂]. Global Change Biology 5:143-156.

Smith SD, Jordan DN, Hamerlynck EP (1999) Effects of elevated CO₂ and temperature stress on ecosystem processes. Pages 107-137 in Luo Y, Mooney HA (eds) Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress. Academic Press, San Diego.

Yoder CK, Nowak RS (1999) Soil moisture extraction by evergreen and drought-deciduous shrubs in the Mojave Desert during wet and dry years. Journal of Arid Environments 42:81-96.

Yoder CK, Nowak RS (1999) Hydraulic lift among native plant species in the Mojave Desert. Plant Soil 215:93-102.

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1998

Huxman TE, Hamerlynck EP, Jordan DN, Salsman KJ, Smith SD (1998) The effects of parental CO₂ environment on seed quality and subsequent seedling performance in Bromus rubens. Oecologia 114:202-208.
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Huxman TE, Hamerlynck EP, Moore Bd, Smith SD, Jordan DN, Zitzer SF, Nowak RS, Coleman JS, Seemann JR (1998) Photosynthetic down-regulation in Larrea tridentata exposed to elevated atmospheric CO₂: Interaction with drought under glasshouse and field (FACE) exposure. Plant, Cell & Environment 21:1153-1161.
View abstract

Huxman TE, Hamerlynck EP, Loik ME, Smith SD (1998) Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence responses of three southwestern Yucca species to elevated CO₂ and high temperature. Plant, Cell & Environment 21:1275-1283.
View abstract

Luo Y, Sims DA, Griffin KL (1998) Nonlinearity of photosynthetic responses to growth in rising atmospheric CO₂: An experimental and modeling study. Global Change Biology 4:173-183.

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MGCF Publications

Submitted/In Press

Marion, G.M., P.S.J. Verburg, B. Stevenson, J.A. Arnone. In review. Biogeochemical cycling in a Mojave Desert soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal.

Marion, G.M., P.S.J. Verburg, E.V. McDonald, J.A. Arnone. In review. Salt movement through a Mojave Desert soil. Journal of Arid Environments.

Stevenson B, Verburg PSJ (2006) Potential effects of carbonates on soil CO2 efflux in closed-jar incubations. Soil Biology and Biochemistry (in press).

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2007

Nadeau JA, Qualls RG, Nowak RS, Smith SD, Blank RR (2007) Responses of enzyme activities involved in C, N, and P mineralization to short intense precipitation events in the Mojave Desert. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 52:305-320.

2006

Barker DH, Vanier C, Naumburg E, Charlet TN, Nielsen KM, Newingham BA, Smith SD (2006) Enhanced monsoon precipitation and N deposition affect leaf traits and photosynthesis differently in spring and summer in the desert shrub Larrea tridentata. New Phytologist 169:799-808.

Hartle RT, Fernandez GCJ, Nowak RS (2006) Horizontal and vertical zones of influence for root systems of four Mojave Desert shrubs. Journal of Arid Environments 64:586-603.

Stevenson B, Verburg PSJ (2006) Effluxed CO2 ¹³C from sterilized and unsterilized treatments of a calcareous soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38:1727-1733.

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2005

Barker DH, Stark LR, Zimpfer JF, McLetchie ND, Smith SD (2005) Evidence of drought induced stress on crust moss in the Mojave Desert. Plant, Cell & Environment 28:939-947.

Stark, LR, L Nichols II, D N McLetchie, and M L Bonine (2005) Desiccation tolerance in a desert moss: a leaf regeneration assay based on gender. International Journal of Plant Sciences 166: 21-29.

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2004

Stark LR, Nichols L, McLetchie DN, Smith SD, Zundel C (2004) Age and sex specific rates of leaf regeneration in the Mojave Desert moss Syntrichia caninervis. American Journal of Botany 91:1-9.

Wilcox CS, Ferguson JW, Fernandez GCJ and Nowak RS (2004) Fine root growth dynamics of four Mojave Desert shrubs as related to soil moisture and microsite. Journal of Arid Environments 56:129-148.

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2002

Titus J, Nowak RS, Smith SD (2002) Soil resource heterogeneity in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Arid Environments 52:269-292.

Titus JH, Titus PJ, Nowak RS, Smith SD (2002) Arbuscular mycorrhizae of Mojave Desert plants. Western North American Naturalist 62:327-334.